Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System
Lamport's classic paper models event order with happened-before, then builds logical clocks, total ordering, mutual exclusion, and physical clock synchronization from it.
Lamport's classic paper models event order with happened-before, then builds logical clocks, total ordering, mutual exclusion, and physical clock synchronization from it.
Saltzer, Reed, and Clark formulate the end-to-end argument: many functions can only be implemented correctly at the endpoints, with lower layers serving mainly as performance optimizations.